Ethereum operates as a peer-to-peer network, where computers running Ethereum software connect directly to each other to maintain the system. Each of these computers, called nodes, independently calculates and stores both the execution chain and the Beacon chain.
To participate in Ethereum, users need to download and run the Ethereum software on their computers. Once the software is installed and operational, the computer becomes a full node, seeking out and connecting to other nodes within the network. This direct communication between nodes is the backbone of Ethereum, resulting in all transaction broadcasting, execution, and storage without relying on a central authority.
The flat architecture and equal contribution and privilege across participants privately operating the network is what allows Ethereum to remain available, accessible, and transparent.